Surrealism And Dada And Surrealism - 1201 Words

At the start of the 1900s, the world was in troubling times. With a global war beginning in 1914 with barely twenty years of rest before the second World War initiating. Layered on top of this unrest, Spain was in the middle of it’s own crisis with a civil war ensuing in the 1930’s. With all the unrest, it is improbably to believe that artists were not greatly affected by the events of the world at the time. I am interested in how the wars specifically influenced the emerging art movements in the early to mid 1900’s, such as Dada and Surrealism. With a focus on Surrealism, how did the ideas identifiable to Surrealism emerge differently in different locations, and in relation to the war? I will view the direct involvement of popular†¦show more content†¦The unconventional nature of surrealists can be traced back to this idea, and created a dividing line between some, as artists were accused of creating art to consciously. Max Ernst’s creation of t he frottage, or rubbing quickly became popular with the surrealists because of how the unpredictability of it provoked the imagination. Unfortunately, others expanding on the same ideas of consciousness, were not as harmless as Ernst’s frottage, and used the idea of unpredictability as an excuse to avoid accountability. Similarly in rejection to the current reality, the Dada movement protested logic and reason. Established by Tristan Tzara who wrote a Manifesto for the movement stating the Dada is, â€Å"a protest with it’s whole being engaged in destructive action.† Ironically, the reality the Dadaists was protesting against was World War 1, but their response to the war increased violence. It was the disgust of the false, good manners and incomprehensible logic of the politicians and those in power that the Dadaists criticized. The rage of the war merely justified their destructive spontaneity. Relating to the surrealists, they believed the simplest act consis ts of going out into the streets, revolver in hand and firing at random into the crowd as often as possible. Surrealist Louis Aragon encouraged such responses saying, â€Å"I have always placed the spirit of revolt above any politics.† Although the surrealists emerged with a stronger focusShow MoreRelated Dada Surrealism Essay1237 Words   |  5 PagesDada Surrealism What elements of dada and surrealism suggest the influence of Freud? The 20th Century marked a changed in how people viewed the known world. Since its beginning art has played a major role in how people were able to express themselves. The early 20th century brought rise to new and exciting art forms. These were types of writings, paintings and, documentaries that no one had ever seen before. From expressionism to Dadaism types of work ranged by all means of the artist. AboutRead MoreSurrealism : An Anti Rationalism Of Dada1097 Words   |  5 Pagesmovement I am choosing is Surrealism, Surrealism is a type of art work that takes normal objects and turns them into fictional objects or creatures. Surrealism came about in 1924 it first began as a literary group allied to Dada (wake of the collapse of Dada in Paris). Andà © Breton was the founder of Surrealism occasionally described as the â€Å"Pope† of Surrealism. The idea of Surrealism came from combining dream imagery with material related to social life. When Surrealism was first being used it wasRead MoreSurrealism And Its Impact On The 19th Century During The 20th Century927 Words   |  4 PagesAfter the rise of abstract art rose a new style called Dada art. This was one of the most unusual time in part as it went against the common idea as to what art is. Dada led to Surrealism which began to flourish in the 1920’s. Because these two movement are so close together there will be many different similarities and differences between the two. While both have the same underlying message, surrealism is more sexual in comparison compared to dada but both had the same message to give, although eachRead MoreSurrealism Essay957 Words   |  4 PagesHistory: Surrealism is one of the most distinguishing movements of art. It was proclaimed by the poet Andrà © Breton in Paris in 1924. It is defined by Breton as â€Å"Pure Psychic automatism, by which one tries to express verbally, in writing, or by any other method, the actual process of thinking.† It’s goal was to liberate thought from the oppressive boundaries of rationalism. The source of artistic creativity for surrealism was inspired by the unconscious mind, particularly dreams. The SurrealistRead MoreDadas Contribution to Contemporary Art1111 Words   |  5 PagesDada and its impact on Contemporary Art According to the Oxford Dictionary of art, Dada was â€Å"A movement in European art (with manifestations also in New York), c.1915–c.1922, characterized by a spirit of rebellious revolt against traditional values. It arose from a mood of cynicism engendered by the First World War, to which some artists reacted with, cynicism, sarcasm and nihilism.† Gathering in Hugo Balls’ Cabaret Voltaire for spontaneous readings, performances and exhibitionsRead MoreArt After The Great War893 Words   |  4 Pagessupplies to be mass-produced. When the dust finally settled, the death toll eclipsed 16 million, and another 20 million were wounded. Dada and Surrealism originated as artistic reactions to the colossal destruction experienced during World War I. Dada radical and poet, Tristan Tzara, confessed, â€Å"the beginnings of Dada were not the beginnings of art, but of disgust† (MoMa Dada). Largely, this was disgust to the atrocities and suffering of war. However, it was also disgust towards the bourgeoisie, politicalRead MoreArt Movement After World War I1174 Words   |  5 PagesAccording to the Visual Art Encyclopedia, Surrealism sprang up in Paris and became rooted in the avant-garde art world. Surrealism was the fashionable art movement after World War I. Surrealism is and the last major art movement to be associated with the Ecole de Paris. The writer Andre Breton (1896-1966), nicknamed the Pope of Surrealism, was the movement s founder and chief theorist. He introduced and defined the new style in his initial 1924 manifesto (Manifeste du Surrealisme) and later inRead MoreDada Art1293 Words   |  6 PagesDADA â€Å"Before Dada art was in form, after Dada art is an attitude† Dada was a radical art movement started in 1914 and ended in the mid 1920’s mainly in the North Atlantic. It was created as a form of protest against World War 1 by immigrants who wanted to express a new kind of mentality in the world of art and politics at the time. Dada was the reaction and rejection of traditional society and the atrocities of World War 1 by artist of that era. It reflected their desire to oppose conventionRead MoreThe Dada Art Movement During World War I1272 Words   |  6 Pages The DADA art movement was an anti- art/anti-war political movement against war (WWI). World War I caused over 6.6 million civilian and military deaths (World war I by the Numbers, 2015) and this upset many people. Artist’s decided to react and protest using their talent starting what we know as the DADA art movement.The movement began in the 1916 in Zurich, Switzerland connecting art to the social conditions of what was going on in the world. Dadaist felt the battle over the land

The American Civil War The Most Significant Turning Point

In considering the development of the USA in the years 1815-1917, how far can the union victory in the civil war be seen as the most significant turning point? The Union Victory in the American civil war is widely considered to be a turning point and could be seen as the catalyst in American History. Led by Abraham Lincoln, some may say it was the start of a new era. Time had gone by since the America gained its independence. The emancipation of slavery happened because of the Unions victory but it had very little practical impact. It wasn’t until at least a couple of decades later until they were treated as equal citizens and even then they were still seen as second-class citizens. â€Å"Early in the 19th century America was achieving birth-rates never before equalled in history†. [1]This, coupled with Western Migration helped to sustain the growth shown as the USA experienced momentous change geographically, socially and politically as it became one of the world’s main players. The frontier was truly a land of romance, but it also helped shape the distinctive civilisation of the United States, America s unique charact eristics stemmed form no single source; the European heritage, the continuing impact of ideas from abroad, the mingling of peoples, the spread of the industrial revolution and the growth of class consciousness all contributed.[2] American historian Shelby Foote noted Before the war it was said the United States are. Grammatically it was spoken that way andShow MoreRelated1968 Was a Turning Point for the United States. Assess the Validity of This Statement652 Words   |  3 Pagesthrough many important and crucial events. From the Vietnam War to national politics, and even civil rights, our country was changing a lot. In particular, the year 1968, was when our country went through a major turning point, especially when you take in consideration the major events that involved the Vietnam War and the civil rights movement such as the â€Å"Tet Offense†, violent protests, and the Civil Rights Act being passed. The Vietnam War is still a very controversial subject to this day. WhetherRead MoreMajor Historical Turning Points in Americas Current Society1650 Words   |  7 PagesMajor Historical Turning Points in Americas Current Society Name Institution Date Major Historical Turning Points in Americas Current Society Two greatest historical turning points in the World War II through 1970s Many historical events happened in the II world war as rescored in the 1970s. One of the major happenings was the Kent State shootings that happened in May 4, 1970. Ohio National Guardsmen were on duty as they guarded students who were on a strike in Kent state college. One ofRead MorePost World War II: Effects and Changes in America1524 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction World War II brought several changes to the world and specifically America. It not only changed the world map but also set impact on the behaviours. WWII played a major role in building turning points during different periods. Before WWII, African Americans were not offered equal rights in the community. It was considered an impossible thing that African could ever do a white collar or even a blue collar job. However, soon after the WWII, there came a turning point in the lives of AfricanRead MoreThe Battle Of Gettysburg And Civil War1375 Words   |  6 PagesPennsylvania and was one of the most significant battles of the American Civil War. Union forces of the North, commanded by Major General George G. Meade met and fought the Confederate forces of the South, commanded by General Robert E. Lee. Many historians believe the battle was a large turning point in the Civil War in favor of the Union (Woodworth, 2008). However, this is disputable. The battle was also significant becau se it was the bloodiest battle of the war, which resulted in the death ofRead MoreImpact of the US Civil War1825 Words   |  7 PagesThe Civil War in the United States was one of the most significant events in the history of the country. This is due not only to the outcome it provided, but more importantly to the actual events that took place during the war, the aspects it dealt with, and the questions it raised concerning humanity, courage, democracy, human rights, slavery, unity and union. Throughout the war, the causes, the tactics, and the context changed. Further, the motivation of the soldiers fighting in both armies changedRead MoreThe Battle Of Gettysburg : Why Was It A Turning Point?1272 Words   |  6 PagesThe Battle of Gettysburg: Why Was It a Turning Point? War is truly like hell. There is no doubt that any war is an evil one. It is the greatest catastrophe that can befall human beings. It brings death and destruction, merciless slaughter and butchery, disease, starvation and poverty in its wake. Though war brings all kinds of trouble, sometimes it can save a country. In 1861 a Civil War broke out in America. It started because of uncompromising differences between the free and slave states overRead MoreThe Civil War: Then and Now1448 Words   |  6 PagesThe Civil War: Then and Now The Civil War that occurred was one of the darkest times in our history as a country. It was a time where there was a complete breakdown of social and political systems. Hundreds of thousands were killed and hundreds of thousands more were aversely affected. However, it was also a time of remembrance and significant moral progress. It is remembered as the turning point in American History and would be the foundation for the Civil Rights movement many years later. ThereRead MoreAfrican Americans And The Civil War1540 Words   |  7 Pageshistorical backdrop of the United States, African Americans have dependable been victimized. When Africans first came to America, they had no choice but to be slaves. The progressed toward becoming slaves to the rich, covetous, lethargic Americans. African Americans had given no compensation and regularly whipped and beaten. They battled for their opportunity, yet when the Civil War came African Americans had this logic that if they were to join the Civil War they could liberate all slaves. However, theirRead MorePresident John F. Kennedy : A War On Poverty And The So Called Great Society1021 Words   |  5 PagesFor most of the ‘60s, America had liberal Democratic administrations. In 1961, Democrat John F. Kennedy became president. As part of his election campaign, Kennedy announced his New Frontier domestic program. During his presidency, he was not able to implement his promises successfully. †Å"Without a clear Democratic majority in Congress he was unable to increase federal aid to education, provide health insurance for the aged, create a cabinet-level department of urban affairs, or expand civil rights†Read MoreSlavery And The Civil War1706 Words   |  7 PagesAbraham Lincoln once said, â€Å"A house divided against itself cannot stand.† In the 1800s, the American nation was slowly becoming a house divided against itself. The United States were no longer united, mainly over the issue of slavery. In fact, many historians believe that, â€Å"From the nation’s founding, the issue of slavery threatened to tear the United States apart.† (â€Å"The Civil War† 1). The issue of slavery was always kept at bay through the utilization of various compromises; however a permanent

Code of Practice on Business and Financial Reporting Requirements

Question: Discuss about theCode of Practice on Business and Financial Reporting Requirements. Answer: Introduction The importance of a code of practice and corporate governance in aggressive business scenarios cannot be denied. It acts crucial to the achievement of the new frontier of profitability and competitive advantage. The main objective of the code of practice for governance is suggested actions to companies, state bodies with a view to facilitate access to capital and improving their performances. The code of best practice of corporate governance is dependent on accountability, transparency and fairness (Price, 2017). Having said that, the there pillars helps in communicating the real situation of company positions, leadership, strategic decision-making which gives a glimpse of how the company is being governed by the Board of directors. In relation to above subjects, the current paper throws light on the implementation of the code of practice in terms of business and financial reporting. Meeting the code of rules and policies and procedures enacted by state bodies allow the executives to meet highest standards of corporate governance. The report will compare and contrast the codes of practices followed by ESB, commercial state body with the 2016 code requirements for business. Another question will assess qualitative characteristics of FRS 102 with respect to ESB. Compare and contrast of ESB and 2016 code requirements on business and financial reporting Code of practice by state bodies and public spending codes brings in details of the obligations, states bodies are entitled responsible for spending public money that incurs in planning and expenditure in near future. The public spending as per code requirement applies to current and capital expenditure. In terms of Government department, the public bodies must have the receipt of public funding and transactions held that satisfy itself annually whether the company is in compliance with the code (Chartered Accountants Ireland , 2017). According to the annual report of ESB 2016, the Board of directors provides direction and leadership to the entity as a whole who is responsible for all kinds of activities required for long-term success. The decisions relate opportunities, changes, risks, and services are made only after examinations and authenticity of appropriate information available to Board members. The board members ensure that all the business activities are constructed in accor dance with optimising the allocation of capital in investments opportunities across ESB portfolios. The organizations networked business successfully delivered capital and maintainance programmes in accordance with regulatory standards and contract. Therefore, comparing according to the code of practices, the company is using the national resources effectively economically that meet community appraisal requirement and allow the Irish citizens to be familiar with they are getting maximum value for the funds provided with the government body in form of tax. The code states that there are four states of expenditure cycle i.e. Appraisal, Planning, Implementation and Post projects review. The sponsoring agency is held responsible for the approval of the projects. The capital invested in the projects will be sponsored by States company which must have prior approval from the Board of commodities a, management before submission of stationing authority (State Boards, 2017). The sanctioning Authority is none other than Department or Government Minister or public body. According to Code of the practice of government state bodies, it is the fundamental duty of the Board of the company to ensure that true and fair, and balanced view of financial statements submitted to the relevant Minister. The board must also ensure accurate and timely disclosure on material matters regarding the sate body, which reflects on business position, financial performance and governance of the concerned entity. The company ESB Board meets monthly on occasion necessary to review the financial and operating performance of the group to ensure the risk management and integral control. In comparison to the 2016 code requirements, the companys delegated authority takes decision-related to the management on the ongoing operation and financial reporting done timely and accurate basis. So as to set the financial standards, the company must comply with respective accounting standards the state body, the corporate judgement on materiality, valuation and disclosure give fair and true view of financial reporting structure. ESB has also has prepared the financial statement in accordance with IFRS standards and in provisions of Companies Act 2014 (UK Corporate Governance Code, 2016). The companys balance sheet was successful in revealed correct facts and figures of liabilities, assets and other financial accounting items. The company has performed audit procedure which consisted of assessment and documentation of evaluation process and controls. The annual report of company discloses with completeness and clarity of disclosures in the financial statements and annual report. According to the code requirement, the boards are supposed to have their financial reports audited by independent auditor. The external audit of any state body is carried by Auditor general and comptroller. For this company, the external independent auditors were KPMG (ESB, 2016). The audits and risk committee of ES B has been keeping the developments and reporting standards updated with EU level in relation to section in audit tenure. The audit report of 2016 is being conducted by KPMG which is supposed to be the last one for ESB and next external auditor has been appointed as Pwc for 2017, 2018 and 2019 financial years. The external auditors continued to provide focus on the implementation of the recommendation which is arising by evaluating the internal audit function. It also focused on improvising the quality of communication in between the board commitment and management. As far as code requirements in accounting items are concerned, the state body has to have formal records of financial position and financial performances set out in the governing legislation of the state body. For instance, the ESB has covered some aspects of financial issues which are discussed by management during the year and sampled as per audit and risk committees. The key risks are: Derivatives and hedging statements: Carrying value of assets Legal disclosures and contingent liabilities Pension obligations. For instance: the audit and risk commodities recognises inherent complexities in the accounting of non-derivatives instructress to hedge. The major derivatives use currency contracts, currency swaps, interest rate swaps, etc. whereas according to IAS 39 non- derivatives, as own use are not accounted as a foreign exchange or interest rates, but they are primarily accounted as cash flow hedges. To site this decision, the KPMG group relied on the third party for verification process in conducting a valuation of certain derivatives by using different valuation models. In this way, rest of the risk bearing items have been critically evaluated and reviewed as per IAS 36, IAS 19, IAS 39 (ESB, 2016). This ensures that audit and risk committee of the company has essentially presented the financial information of groups performances in a concise and clear format using robust prices of report framework. Another code requirement is about the application of governing legislation, application of accounting standards in relation to the operation of boards, the name of Chairperson, or CEO, termination payments and agreements, hospitality expenditure, travel and subsistence. According to the code of practices, the state body is entitled to disclose the details of agreement and payments in value excess of 10,000 in the reporting period. The recording of value must cover pension purposes, grants, etc. In contrasts to the ESB, the company operates various pensions schemes in the Republic of Ireland which are funded by trustee administered funds (ESB, 2016). The Group operated two pension schemes that are: ESB defined contribution and ESB Defined benefit pension schemes. In electricity business majority of pension schemes is funded through contributors pension scheme. The fund is vested in trustees nominated by ESB and its members for sole benefits of employees and their dependents. According to IAS 19, employee benefits, pension scheme is not balance of costs scheme. The company does not want any deficit to arise in future so, any further contribution to ESB will be will intend to be ongoing contributions and balance of 591 million on companys additional contribution which was committed in the year 2010 (ESB, 2016). There are three methods of evaluation of Scheme, out of which the company selected to uses Ongoing Actuarial Valuation method that review both company obligations and schemes continue in existence for foreseeable future. Therefore, the above instances showed that company was transparent enough in disclosing its past services contribution in 2010 and present ongoing contributions recognised in the income statement. The reporting requirements mentioned in code 2016 for state bodies are the publication of the annual report for external users of a financial statement like foremost in not later than four months after the end of financial year. The reporting also intends to cover about Broad fees, Board attendance sand meetings, disclosure of remuneration of Key personnel management, pension liabilities consultancy costs, web publications, etc. On the basis of above reporting requirements , it can easily compared that ESB has complied with all the mentioned guidelines and code of practice because the company has disclosed complete details on Key personnel management remuneration and compensation like Salary of Chief executives, which is recorded as 295,000 annually (ESB, 2016). The qualification details and work experience of each of the Board member are disclosed in page 66 to 67 of the annual report of ESB 2016. This section of the annual report gives material disclosure on companys corporate gove rnance, effectiveness, the interest of transparency and salary and non-salary related remuneration paid to CEO and board members. For ESB, good governance laid the foundation stone for long-term value creation. The management has the expertise and knowledge for the operational requirements of business which indicates the role of each member towards the progress of the company. In the presence of highly professional and experienced members, the best decisions are put forward in pursuits to comply with the code of practices in reporting of business and financial statements. The department has ensured appropriate measures to comply with state code that continuously updates and review the policies and procedures made by audit and risk committee. ESB has adopted its own code of ethics which sets out ethical and responsible business behaviour out of individuals. The code of ethics adheres to loyalty, confidentiality, integrity and fairness to the highest standards possible that meets all legal and regulatory requirements. As far as board effectiveness is concerned, the Board members continuously strive to improve its effectiveness by conducting informal discussion basis among board members and provide feedback to company secretary and Chairman. The company also conducted an independent evaluation at every their year which is facilitated by ICSI Board evaluation with results expected in 2017. Another important element of the code of practices highlights on board meetings and attendance. According to this provision, there should be at least the annual general meetings held. ESB has conducted 11 General Broad meetings in 2016, which has reported the attendance of board members at all the meetings. On analysing it was found that except one or two members are have attended only 2- 3 meetings while rest of them have above 90% attendance. These figures indicate how dedicated the members are towards reporting and revealing the business operations to achieve the right balanc e of governance, risk management, strategy, people and finance within the business (Hancock, 2017). Therefore, from the above comparison, it can be drawn that from the above provision and 2016 codes has been successfully disclosed all the relevant financial and non-financial information and data which was mandatory to the code of practices for state bodies in business and reporting of financial statement. The company published this reports on websites and other public portals to make the report available for extra investors and rebate to assess the economic progress and development of the public organization. Therefore, the ESB diversified business and strong financial position are possible only due to a solid commitment to maintaining high sets standards of corporate governance, reporting structure, sustainability, growth, code of ethics, to disclose the balance and true and fair view of the financial performance of the company (IBGC, 2017). Qualitative characteristics of FRS 102 The FRS 102 denotes the financial reporting standards which are applicable in Republic of Ireland and UK. The FRS aims to provide the enterprise with succinct financial reporting requirements based on International Accounting Standards Boards (IASB) to apply the general purpose financial reporting of entities including which are not constituted as companies and non-profit oriented. These general purpose financial statements intend to highlight the common financial information needs that required by various financial users like the public, government, investors, shareholders, etc. Under FRS 102, the each accounting topic is addressed as a separate number which is further cross-referenced in paragraphs and section numbers. All paragraphs have equal authority. These sections and paragraphs form as an integral part of FRS, while others the guidance or examples concerning the application of each status. The FRS 102 intended to give a true and fair view of the financial progress of reporti ng enterprise through profit and loss for a period. In concerned ESB financial statements, the company has disclosed the financial position through income statement reporting revenue of 1327 million in 2016. The return on capital employed is 6.1% (ESB, 2016). FRS 102 implies IAS regulations to prepare consolidated financial statements in accordance with EU adopted IFRS. ESB has followed the EU adopted accounting standards i.e. IFRS consolidated financial statements are prepared and disclosed in notes to financial statements. Besides, it does not cover any publically traded shares with 100% holdings. Therefore, there is no requirement security commission or other regulatory bodies issuing ordinary shares in public. There are other quantitative characteristics like fair values calculations of portfolio, derivatives, fair value of deferred tax and deferred liabilities, financial instruments, hedge accounting, etc. The shareholders are keen in disclosure on exemptions which may be served on quantifying entity in accordance to the specified timeframe. The company management ensures that they pay measurement, recognition and discloses needs of FRS. The disclosure summary on each accounting is shown under notes to the financial statement which g ives a brief summary of exemptions, disclosure, a consolidated group of financial statements, the name of parents groups and others. This quantifying entity gives details of cross-references paragraphs and section that has been talked about in above explanation. In case of ESB, the company has successfully provided the materiality of Groups Financial statement and has determined the profit by considering principle business assets and liabilities, companys revenues which evaluates the assessment and expectations of organization operations over next five years. The disclosures in financial statement give an estimated figure on the going concern basis of accounting which provides information based on historical prices. The revenues, assets, non-current assets, current liabilities, operating income, etc some of the accounting items which separated with different headings and prepared in accordance with Companies act 2014 and IFRS accounting standards (The Financial Reporting Council Lim ited , 2015). Conclusion To sum up, the above report on the code of practices on Business and financial reporting statement disclose the need to report the financial information of the company in accordance with providing accounting guideline san code of practices to ensure true and fair view which can be compared with other competitors to assess the financial progress of the firm. Reporting of financial information by following the accounting standards ensures transparency, reliability, fairness and accountability of operational activities taking place within the firm. Thus, following code of ethics and practices avoid conflicts of interests among investors and shareholders. References Chartered Accountants Ireland . (2017). Financial reporting requirements of company law in Ireland. Retrieved Sep 2017, from /www.charteredaccountants.ie: https://www.charteredaccountants.ie/Member/Technical/Irish-and-UK-Financial-Reporting/Company-Law-accounting-requirements/Accounting-requirements-of-company-law-in-Ireland ESB. (2016). Annual Report and Financial Statements 2016. Retrieved Sep 2017, from www.esb.ie: https://www.esb.ie/who-we-are/investor-relations/financial-reports-and-calendar Hancock, C. (2017, Feb). CAG notes 2014 financial statement delays of State bodies. Retrieved Sep 2017, from www.irishtimes.com: https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/c-ag-notes-2014-financial-statement-delays-of-state-bodies-1.2984230 IBGC. (2017). Code of Best Practice of Corporate Governance. Retrieved Sep 2017, from https://www.oecd.org/: https://www.oecd.org/corporate/ca/corporategovernanceprinciples/1824495.pdf Price, N. (2017, APr). Importance of Corporate Governance in an Organization. Retrieved Sep 2017, from //diligent.com: https://diligent.com/blog/importance-corporate-governance-organization State Boards. (2017). Code of Practice for the Governance of State Bodies. Retrieved SEP 2017, from https://www.stateboards.ie: https://www.stateboards.ie/stateboards/code_of_practice.htm The Financial Reporting Council Limited . (2015, Sep). FRS 102 The Financial Reporting Standard applicable in the UK and Republic of Ireland. Retrieved Sep 2017, from www.frc.org.uk/: https://www.frc.org.uk/accountants/accounting-and-reporting-policy/uk-accounting-standards/standards-in-issue/frs-102-the-financial-reporting-standard-applicabl UK Corporate Governance Code. (2016, Sug). Code of Practice for the Governance of. Retrieved Sep 2017, from /www.google.co.in: https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=1cad=rjauact=8ved=0ahUKEwjRnKOc0rjWAhUCSY8KHfraBhsQFgg0MAAurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.per.gov.ie%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FBusiness-and-Financial-Reporting-Requirements.pdfusg=AFQjCNHD9B5q9pr9Cn

Weightlessness free essay sample

The elevator doors opened on the ninth floor and my sneakers squeaked along the shiny tile. Research findings plastered the hall like wallpaper. I rounded the corner to the Cardiovascular Physiology and Space Medicine Laboratory at UT Southwestern Medical School. What initially struck me as clutter was really a mini-museum of space history. Those framed catheters measured astronauts’ arterial pressure during shuttle launches. My spine tingled as I anticipated my research internship. My mentor, Dr. Peter Snell, was a lean, graying three-time Olympic gold medalist now enjoying a career in Exercise Physiology. He is studying the effectiveness of an exercise training regimen to counteract muscular atrophy during prolonged weightlessness. The protocol required a subject, Mr. S, to undergo 37 consecutive days of bed rest. His continuous supine posture limited his entertainment possibilities to sending e-mails, watching movies and listening to music. My role included supervising his daily weight and aerobic training sessions and monitoring the cardiovascular and strength effects of this training. We will write a custom essay sample on Weightlessness or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Mr. S enjoyed his attentive family and friends but appeared to anticipate my daily appearance. â€Å"Thanks for ‘The Two Towers,’† he said, handing me the DVD. â€Å"Rip Pro time!† laughed the fellow with a goatee. The stale air rising from the sheets reminded me that bed rest was not conducive to thorough bathing. We rolled toward the weight-training equipment. Mr. S, always the comedian, grinned as we rolled up a ramp. â€Å"I always wonder what would happen if you just let go of the gurney and let me whiz down this hill.† We laughed at the thought. I saved the physiological data from the day’s training. Mr. S breathed heavily and exuded an even more pungent aroma as we headed back to the room he called home. I marveled at his ever-positive demeanor. He responded, â€Å"By the last week, I’ll be a grumpy old toot!† When he lifted the dome covering his meal, I felt relief that Mr. S was unaware of my lunch plans. I scooped my scalloped potatoes from the serving dish with the same spoon used by Nobel-Prize winner and tried not to stare at the esteemed figure. Aside from treating me to lunch in the faculty dining room, Dr. Snell had invited me to a Grand Rounds lecture, an intimidating event, and my orange shirt contrasted with the stream of white lab coats. I reveled in the experience nonetheless: all the years of education, the sustained mental effort, the hypothesis for my future. At 4:30, I dropped in to say good-bye to Mr. S. My research mentors taught me astute science lessons. What I learned from Mr. S, however, clarified my passion for human sciences. Subjects are people with personalities, families and needs. A good scientist or doctor acknowledges the whole person, and treats much more than physical maladies.

Your Quick Guide to Alter vs. Altar

Your Quick Guide to Alter vs. Altar Choosing between alter and altar is really quite simple once you realize that one is a verb (alter) and the other is a noun (altar). At that point, its just a matter of determining whether you need a noun or a verb in the context of a sentence. Lets look at the two definitions:Alter is a verb meaning to make different without changing into something else or to become different. The only time you will see it in another context would be as an adjective (for example, alter ego). In that sense, it will still retain the meaning of having changed but be used as an adjective instead.Altar, on the other hand, is a noun meaning a usually raised structure or place on which sacrifices are offered or incense is burned in worship- often used figuratively to describe a thing given great or undue precedence or value especially at the cost of something else [for example, sacrificed his family life on the altar of career advancement].As you can see, simply looking at the context of the word in the se ntence will help clarify which word (altar vs. alter) should be used. Here are some examples of each word used in context correctly:AlterWhen you dye your hair, you will alter its texture.Dont alter that photo, we want to make sure its the original.AltarThe bride and groom said their vows at an altar decorated with flowers and candles.The ceremony will take place at the churchs altar.

Seven Monologues for Young Females

Seven Monologues for Young Females Many play directors require actors to audition not merely with any memorized monologue, but with a monologue that is specifically from a published play. Most actors search and search to find a monologue that is age-appropriate for them and is not one that is used so repeatedly that directors have grown tired of hearing it. Below are seven  monologue recommendations for young female actors. Each one is short in length- some as short as 45 seconds; some a bit longer. Because of copyright restrictions and respect for the playwright’s property, I can only give you the beginning and ending lines of the monologues. No serious actors, however, would ever prepare an audition piece from a play that they had not read (and often re-read) in its entirety. So, take a look at these recommendations and if there are any that you think might work for you, get a copy of the play from the library, a bookstore, or online. Read the play, locate the monologue, and make notes about the character’s words and actions before and after the monologue. Your knowledge of the whole world of the play and your character’s place in it will make a definite difference in your monologue preparation and delivery. Story Theatre by Paul Sills In â€Å"The Robber Bridegroom† story The Miller’s Daughter A young girl is betrothed to a stranger that she does not trust. She makes a secret journey to his house in the depths of the forest. Monologue 1Begins with: â€Å"When Sunday came, the maiden was frightened, but she did not know why.†Ends with: â€Å"She ran from room to room until at last she reached the cellar....† On her wedding day, the young girl tells the story of a â€Å"dream† she had. This dream is really a report of the incident she witnessed at the house of her betrothed and it saves her from marriage to this man. Monologue 2Begins with: â€Å"I will tell you a dream I’ve had.†Ends with: â€Å"Here is the finger with the ring.† You can read more about this play here. I and You by Lauren Gunderson Caroline Caroline is a 17-year-old teenager with a liver disease that confines her to her bedroom. She explains a little bit about her disease and her life to her classmate Anthony. Monologue 1: Towards the end of Scene 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Begins with: â€Å"They tried a ton of stuff and now we’re at the point where I just need a new thing.Ends with: â€Å"...it’s suddenly full of kittens and winky faces and ‘We miss you, girl!’ and that is NOT my style!† Caroline has just suffered through an episode that leaves her weak and cramped. When Anthony finally persuades her to relax and talk with him again, she explains how she feels about her disease and her life. Monologue 2: Towards the beginning of Scene 3Begins with: â€Å"Yeah it just happens like that sometimes.†Ends with: â€Å"So that’s one of the many super discoveries of the past few months: nothing is good ever. So yeah.† Anthony records Caroline’s presentation of their school project on his phone. She explains her analysis of Walt Whitman’s use of the pronoun â€Å"You† in his poem Song of Myself.† Monologue 3: Towards the end of Scene 3Begins with: â€Å"Hi. This is Caroline.Ends with: â€Å"Because you is very much...we.† You can read more about this play here. The Good Times Are Killing Me by Lynda Barry Edna Edna is an adolescent who begins the play with this explanation of the urban American neighborhood she lives in during the 1960s. Monologue 1: Scene 1Begins with: â€Å"My name is Edna Arkins.†Ends with: â€Å"Then it seemed like just about everybody kept moving out until now our street is Chinese Chinese Negro Negro White Japanese Filipino and about the same but in different orders for down the whole street and across the alley.† Edna describes her fantasy of being the star of â€Å"The Sound of Music.† Monologue 2:  Scene 5Begins with: â€Å"The hills are alive with the sound of music was the first best movie I ever saw and the first best music I ever heard.†Ends with: â€Å"I could always tell the difference between God and a street light.† You can read more about this play here. You can read information about  preparing a monologue here.

Why is an education important in today's work force Essay

Why is an education important in today's work force - Essay Example to spend money on training and development, competition between employees have increased, 21st century arrangements require college education and this level of education is essential for a better living standard. The economy is still in recession and organizations are trying to survive the recession by cutting its expensive. Employers are trying to save the cost of training and development and at the same time they desire a workforce that is already trained. College education equips an individual with both hard and soft skills which are required in today’s organization. Due to this college level education allows individuals to gain employment under current economic conditions. Now a day’s even those who have huge amount of experience are competing for entry level positions in order to gain employment. Due to this young individuals who do not have a college education on their resumes are finding it difficult to gain employment. College education provides individuals with the knowledge, skills and abilities that are required for fresh members of the workforce to compete with those who have years and years of experience. Organizations in the 21st century are competing globally; they are no longer producing and selling their goods and services within limited boundaries (Stephens 1). Due to this, organizations need to be able to develop goods and services according to the cultures and customs of people belonging to different regions. They need employees who have the ability to communicate people from different regions to identify their needs and wants. College education equips an individual with interpersonal and communication skills which help these employees in communicating with people from different parts of the world. This then helps organization in developing goods and services in compliance with the needs and desires of customers throughout the world. Individuals who have a college level education are already equipped with soft and hard skills which an

Using Improvement Science Models to Promote Quality and Safety Term Paper

Using Improvement Science Models to Promote Quality and Safety - Term Paper Example 14). This paper offers an analysis of two improvement models and how they could foster a culture of quality and patient safety and facilitate changes in process that promote positive outcomes. Subsequently, this paper elucidates how one of the models could be used to address prolonger clinic wait times in Brookwood Medical Center and how it relates to one of the IOMs six aims for improving quality and safety. As an example of a quality improvement model, Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) is a quick, chronological, and collective erudition model that presents significant information on factual results relating to the continuing efforts of the health care delivery team (Institute for Healthcare Improvement, 2012). In this model, an initiative for change is recognized in the planning stage, execution and quantification of the initiative conducted in the doing stage, and evaluation of the information to be quantified conducted in the study stage (Ernst et al, 2010). Based on the results of the assessment, a decision to either approve or discard the initiative is done in the acting stage. In other words, change processes are directed by a continuous process of compilation of information (Ernst et al, 2010). Therefore, quality processes that promote patient safety are adopted while strategies to improve on processes or systems resulting to substandard outcomes are initiated. In so doing, a culture of q uality and patient safety is promoted. The second model of improvement is the change acceleration process highlighted by Polk (2011), and is achieved through innovation and the lean six sigma. In the lean sigma method, the need for change must be defined, measured, and analyzed (Polk, 2011). Subsequently, a procedure for remedial actions must be formulated, and the achieved outcome quantified using relevant measures in order to ascertain whether the intended outcome has been achieved (Polk, 2011). This process,

Optic Flow Essay Example for Free

Optic Flow Essay The study of optic flow becomes much more complicated when the movement of an observer towards a surface or object is not straight on. In fact, even in the more straightforward condition of straight ahead condition, Gibsons mathematical analysis was wrong. In situations when, for example, we are walking or driving, it is commonly necessary to estimate the chances of collision with an object or surface towards which we are moving obliquely. Similarly, we dont always look straight ahead when moving. The resulting oblique relationships between angle of gaze, direction of movement, and converging paths are much more difficult to analyze. Cutting (1996; Cutting et al. , 1999), has made major contributions to the study of perception during motion by enriching knowledge of the complexities of optic flow. Sensory stimulation is a chemical process which occurs between the human body and brain. When we experience sensation, body is exposed to some type of sensory stimulation. The sensory receptors then receive this information, and transmit it to the brain using neural impulses, or neurotransmitters. There it is interpreted into the correct sensation. Sensations are the basic building blocks of perception. Perception is the process of organizing and making sense of sensory input. Perception allows us to better interpret the information sensory receptors receive, and form images of the world around us. Transduction is what happens when the receptors transform the energies they receive into a form that can be interpreted and utilized by the nervous system. Human beings are able to experience various sensations because the nervous system encodes the messages we are receiving and interpreting. In his doctrine of specific nerve energies, Johannes Muller theorizes that different sensory modes exist because the information received by sensory receptors stimulates different synapses when traveling back to the brain. This is known as anatomical encoding. This type of encoding determines which sensory organ is activated by a certain type of stimulation, according to which specific neural pathway it travels. (Wade, Tavris, 2006). Anatomical Encoding and Sensory Modalities Anatomical encoding does not totally explain how or why different sensory modalities exist independently. Scientists found it difficult to link specific skin senses to individual neural pathways; neither does the doctrine of specific nerve energies explain variations of stimulus within a certain sensory experience, i. . the softness of an animals fur versus the coarseness of sandpaper, or the distinction between the colors light blue and dark blue. A second type of encoding, called functional encoding, is therefore required to make sense of these differentials in sensory perception. According to Wade and Tavris, functional codes rely on the fact that sensory receptors and neurons fire, or are inhibited from firing, only in the presence of specific sorts of stimuli (2006). This means that any given time, some neurons are firing, and some are not. The information regarding the rate of, number of, and patterning of each cells firing is what forms a particular functional code. Sensory adaptation occurs when continual exposure to the same sensory stimulus results in decreased sensitivity to the presented stimulus. Basically this means that given enough time, senses learn to become accustomed to the stimulation receptors gather. The sensory system brings information regarding environment to brains. They help us to interact with environment. The sensory system is made up of five senses, which correspond to five sense organs. The five senses are vision, hearing, taste, touch, and smell. These correspond with the eyes, ears, tongue, skin, and nose. Each of these contains sensory neurons, which transmit impulses to the central nervous system. The information is processed and from that we receive a perception which we interpret and which may change behavior accordingly. This is called Transduction which is the process of the receptors changed the information they receive into a form which the nervous system can utilize. Spatial Projection and The Surface Of The Body Up To The Cortex The visual, auditory, and somatic systemsindeed, all the sensesseem to maintain a spatial projection from the surface of the body up to the cortex. Moreover, connections in each system must be very precise for the signals from the various receptors to be kept straight as they pass up the system. The precision of arrangement is remarkable. (Lappe, M. 2000) It should be in order to ask how such an arrangement came about. What factors are at work as the organism develops to make all the connections come out right? To this question we now have an answer. First, Weiss, then L. S. Stone, and more recently Sperry have gone through a series of ingenious experiments to pin down the factors that control how connections are formed in the nervous system. Sperry, for example, has crossed the sensory and motor nerves in the legs of the rat, and from that has picked up some clues. He has also cut the optic nerve, rotated the eyeballs in various degrees, allowed the nerves to regenerate and then tested animals for the return of spatial vision. There are many details to his experiments, and they prove somewhat confusing, but the upshot of them all is this: Nerve fibers grow back to make the same connections that they made in the first place. To put the matter in another way, the nerve cells along the sensory pathways have some sort of biochemical tags that keep them straight when connections are being laid down. One might say that each nerve cell has a name and that other nerve cells know what that name is. It is still a mystery what these names are and how the cells know each others names and that will be a subject for future research. At any rate, nerves can be badly cut, mangled, and twisted, but somehow or other nerve fibers get back where they belong. For us, it is interesting to know that biochemical factors are at work in laying out the spatial arrangements of the nervous pathways. Lateral dominance has also been a serious problem in getting at the anatomical basis of cognition. That one of hands or feet or eyes is the major one and the other the minor one is a fact not easily disputed. We know, too, that in some affairs one side of the brain is dominant; that is to say, it plays a major role in perception or action, while the other side is minor. Although people have often argued about how important lateral dominance is and how many of the worlds ills it accounts for, few deny altogether that it exists. We must, in fact, believe that some parts of the brain, like the speech area, show very strong one-sidedness and that, in the case of others, the sides share about equally in the functions that concern them. If that be true, how can we tell where to look for a particular function? If one kind of cognition belongs to one side of the brain and we make a lesion in the other side, we will completely miss the point. Or if a type of cognition shares equally corresponding areas on both sides, it takes a perfect bilateral lesion in the areas to make the localization known. We ought to consider, too, the matter of individual differences. We find it natural to say that people are different in the measurements of personality, intelligence, or some other aspect of behavior, but we often seem to assume that brains are standard products turned out on an assembly line so that they look as much alike as new cars. The fact is that brains vary a lot in their size and shape. Lashley has been going into that matter lately, and he assures us that there are individual differences in brain anatomy. It appears that any speculation in this respect is restricted by conditions which are inherent in research experiments. According to observations, only objects or patterns cause any demonstrable satiation. Hence, we must find a process which accompanies object or pattern vision rather than the perception of homogeneous surfaces. The alpha rhythm of the human brain is much more seriously disturbed by visual objects or patterns than it is by a bright homogeneous field. Adrian suggests that it is attention to which the alpha rhythm is so sensitive. But there remains the other possibility that, quite apart from this factor, the rhythm is strongly disturbed by a visual process which accompanies the perception of objects or patterns. Vision Optic Flow and Perception It seems safe to say that, in terms of stimulation, an object is an area (or a volume) which differs from its environment either as a whole or along its boundary. We see things of any kind only when a relation of inequality obtains between the stimulation in one area and that in another, surrounding, and area. Thus it seems plausible to assume that the process which goes with object or pattern vision is a relationally determined process, and that satiation is established in regions in which this process takes place for some time. Relational determination is not a familiar term. Relationally determined processes are extremely common in physics. For instance, if temperatures differ in two parts of a system, a current of heat energy is established which tends to equalize the temperatures. The direction of the flow depends upon the direction of the difference, and in the absence of any difference there is no flow. Merchant, H. , Battaglia-Mayer, A. , Georgopoulos, A. P. 2001) Similarly, if a solution which contains certain molecules is surrounded by a second solution which contains these molecules in a different concentration, a current of diffusion will be observed, unless the solutions are separated by an impermeable barrier. The current flows as long as the concentrations differ. Thus, it is again a relation of inequality between the two parts of the system which maintains the process. Incidentally, examples exhibit relational determination in more than one sense. As the currents of heat or diffusion spread, their distribution in space depends upon the shape of the boundary at which the parts of the systems are in contact. This shape is defined in terms of geometrical relations among parts rather than of merely local conditions, and the distribution of the flow adapts itself to such relations. Therefore, not only the flow as such is relationally determined, but the same holds also for its pattern in space. Some such processes cause obstructions in the medium in which they occur, and that in this fashion after-effects are established when later further processes spread in the same medium. The relationally determined process which underlies pattern vision is a direct electric current and that such a current flow when conditions of excitation in one part of the visual cortex differ from those in an adjacent part. An attempt was also made to explain how the electromotive forces originate which drive the current from one part to the other, and back again to the former. The explanation involved no hypothesis which is at odds with available knowledge of nerve impulses and their influence upon cortical tissue. Vaina, L. M. , Rushton, S. K. 2000) Rather, those forces were derived from concepts which play a great role in present neurophysiological discussions. Nevertheless, this particular part of the theory need not now be described, because there may be various ways of deriving electromotive forces which would drive a direct current through the tissue. It seems that, whatever choice may be, the distribution of the flow as such would always be about the same. It is this flow which we will now consider. The flow would spread through the tissue as a volume conductor, which is to say that, in this connection, the brain must be regarded as a continuous medium to which principles of continuity physics apply. In this respect, there is a possibility which is implicit in present neurophysiology, even though its consequences have, until recently, not been explicitly considered. Surely, if the potentials of the alpha rhythm as well as those of on and off effects can spread through the skull, there is nothing in the brain to prevent such potentials from spreading through this medium as a continuum. As a result, it can hardly be a disturbing thesis that a steadier flow would do the same. (Sherk, H. , Fowler, G. A. 2001) In flowing through a continuum, a direct current assumes a distribution which is relationally determined by the shape of given boundaries. In object or pattern vision, the boundaries in question would be those between cortical areas in which retinal stimulation establishes different kinds or degrees of excitation. It will suffice if we consider a fact which concerns only the distribution of the current as such, and is quite independent of further theorizing. If excitation within a circumscribed cortical area differs from that in its environment, the resulting current must circle around the boundary at which the two areas are in contact. Moreover, unless the surrounded area is very large, the current must be denser in this area than it is in the environment in which it can spread widely. This is true whether or not local excitation is higher in the circumscribed area. Thus, if a black object is shown on a white background, the density of the flow must be maximal within the area of the black object, just as it is maximal within the area of a white object surrounded by black. Satiation and Proximal Energy We can now turn to the problem of satiation. The present theory has no difficulty in solving this problem. Any direct currents which flow through the nervous system polarize the surfaces of cells, and also change their polarizability. Generally speaking, this effect, the so-called electrotonus, has the character of an obstruction. Further currents which afterwards flow through the same medium are weakened. At the same time, they suffer changes of their distribution in space. We are not introducing a special hypothesis if we assume that the currents of theory are also electrotonically active, and that the resulting obstructions follow the same rules as hold for electrotonus in general. For instance, the degree to which the various parts of the medium are electrotonically affected is directly related to the density of the current in those parts. Now we know that the density of the currents postulated in theory must be maximal within the area of a circumscribed object, still great in adjacent parts, and progressively lower at greater distances. Perception is treated throughout as the representation to the individual of real, physical states of affairs of both the external environment and of the self. The former include objects, persons, scenery events, and extended terrain and spaces. States of the self include postures, movements, and activities such as reaching, standing, running, and speaking. Although it is obvious that own physical states are represented to uswe readily and immediately perceive what we are doingthis aspect of perception is usually overlooked in the theoretical treatments, with notable exceptions (Gibson, 1979) Physical states of both the environment and the individual give rise to patterns of energy at the sensory receptors. These patterns, which usually vary over time as well as space, are the proximal stimuli that initiate the chain of neural activity and culminate in a perceptual representation. Certain features of these proximal energy patterns correlate with particular properties or attributes of a physical state of affairs. For example, both the size of the retinal image and the degree of convergence of the eyes correlate with the size of an external object. Likewise, a pattern of stimulation in the joints, tendons, and muscles of an arm correlates with its position. A point to be emphasized is that the features of the proximal stimulus pattern are not simply replicas or necessarily even rough copies of the physical properties that give rise to them. Rather they correlate with them. For example, binocular disparity is in no sense a replica of observer-object distance; it is a correlate of it. This view was first adumbrated clearly by Gibson (1950, 1959) and is emphasized here.

Our Practitioner Article :: Essays Papers

Our Practitioner Article There is always some bandwagon that education seems to jump onto. Unfortunately, sometimes when the majority is in support of the same system, there is a loss of objectivity. They are unable to see both the good and the bad because they are anxious to have developed the "perfect" system. You don’t have to be an educator, but simply a citizen who reads the newspaper or watches the news, to realize that the newest bandwagon is high-stakes testing. In fact those who are parents or have some involvement in a child’s life are most likely seeing the change occurring in the school they are involved with. Some people may argue that testing has always been done. So what is different now? The difference is that now testing (in the form of "high-stakes" testing) is leaving dangerous aftereffects. The end result that may come leaves one even more wary. So, what exactly is high-stakes testing? Is there an exact definition? Personally we believe that one may describe what high-stakes testing is. But, it is more important and more effective to emphasize the unfair strategies high-stakes testing utilizes as well as the disturbing effects it is causing. High-stakes testing is an assessment of students, which carries serious consequences for students or educators. If the student passes, they proceed. If they do not pass, they must repeat the level they are currently at. Why do some people think high-stakes testing is the answer? What are the effects of high-stakes testing? Are there alternatives to high-stakes testing? Fortunately, these are some of the questions we have addressed in this article. High-stakes testing has been implemented in order to "raise the bar for all students and add accountability for academic performance" (Tennessee Department of Education). Many states implement the tests so that they can gather information about student achievement over time. Policy makers have good intentions in that they believe that these tests will improve education. The major goal and hope is that setting high standards of achievement will inspire greater effort on the part of students, teachers, and educational administrators (AERA position statement). As stated previously, many policy makers have good intentions when they implement high-stakes testing. We are not pointing fingers at who is bad and who is good. We are simply pointing out the fact that perhaps the policy makers and society as a whole need to reevaluate what we want from our education system.

Prison Writings: My Life Is My Sun Dance Essay

Leonard Peltier’s Prison Writings: My Life Is My Sun Dance takes into account the disgusting of righteousness in the American justice system and the longings of the Native Americans for evenhandedness, equality and fairplay. Peltier postulate in the story that American socio-cultural life still suffers from the dilemma of racial disparity against many claims that the long tradition of racism in the United States ended with the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s.This phenomenon still haunts the American society at various levels. But its prevalence in the criminal justice system is more troubling as it harms the cherished ideals off equality, fraternity and freedom of American democracy. So he opines that oppression of American Indians is not unconscious but institutional. The gross foulness in the Justice System is skillfully described in a single line; â€Å"This is the twenty-third year of my imprisonment for a crime I didn’t commit.† On the surface level, it describe the story of killing of two CIA’s agent but on a deeper level Peltier’s has described certain preplanned events that undermine the unalienable human rights clause of the American Constitution. For example he said that Government â€Å"†¦had been gathering in the area for a preplanned paramilitary assault on the Pine Ridge reservation,† (p.129) in 1975. His views are neither a subjective description of personal pathos and miseries, nor it is distortion of the facts but he takes into consideration the national dilemma of treatment of Native Indians and provides verified and verifiable documented proof in favor of his arguments. Another Theme of these personal memoirs is the sun dance that implies the spiritual attainment he had from unbearable agonizing experience in prison. From a warrior to a spiritual leader, the journey is wonderful but is littered with horrible memories of sufferings.

Film Opinion Essay

When I decide to drive to the movie theater or to sit down and enjoy a film, several factors play in my choice of movie. Most of the time, it depends on the mood that I am in. Am I in the mood for something light and funny? Or do I want to submerge myself into a detail-oriented film such as Inception? I take into consideration whether I have enjoyed the actors in previous films, and if I think they will provide the entertainment I am looking for. Has the trailer engaged me long enough to make me interested in the film? Or has the advertising flooded me with information that makes me feel as though the film will be another flop and not worth my time? These are all questions I ask myself when I start to think about watching a movie. Generally, I don’t take movie critic reviews into consideration because I have been disappointed several times in the past, but I will listen to what friends have to say about their experience with the movie. I enjoy most films across all genres. I enjoy when the stories are detailed, and provide a history of the characters, whether through flashbacks or dialogue. I prefer comedies to be humorously dark, sarcastic, or dry. With dramas or action flicks, I prefer for the protagonist to have some tragic faults that lead to their outcome or victory to be sweeter or to justify a better cause than them. I enjoy dialogue-heavy films with actors who can portray the character in a way that makes me believe in them. The recent run of comic-based movies is thoroughly enjoyable to me, due to the rich storytelling and deep backstories from the comic books that the movies accompany. Seeing those characters given life by actors that pull off the mannerisms and attitudes helps ensnare new fans into the world of comics. Science fiction films draw me in because I have always been intrigued by the idea that our technological advancement will eventually cause issues that could lead to humanity’s downfall. When I can watch movies over and over again and find new, interesting subplots or Easter eggs, it makes the experience more rewarding. I do not enjoy films with plotlines that do not make sense, create a story too difficult for the medium to translate properly for the audience, or when movies start plotlines but do not see them through. When watching horror films, slasher films do not pique my interest as much as psychological or religious horror films do. I try to stay away from the general run of the mill action films that come out every summer, that tend to have the same formula as a lot of other action movies. In rare instances, the soundtrack of a film will turn me away if it does not fit the mood and movement of the film. This makes them very predictable and unenjoyable to me. I also find it difficult to watch movies that are based on books but take too many liberties and do not follow the book’s storyline. All in all, I enjoy watching movies and do so several times a week if I have the time. Whether it be new films or favorites that I have watched many times, it is always good to escape from reality for a short time and to relax. Movies have always been a good conversation piece for my circle of friends, and are usually what we choose to do when we get together. I find that I have no problem sitting down and starting any movie at home to see if it will capture my interest, but when it comes to paying for a ticket, I am more picky because I do not want to feel as though I wasted my money.

man versus nature essays

man versus nature essays So God created man in His own image And God saw every thing that He had made, And, behold, it was very good. From the beginning of time, writers and philosophers alike have been setting Man apart from beast, but what is it that makes this partition factual? It is widely believed that Man, by nature, has the capability of consciously contemplating a situation and determining whether the outcome is right or wrong, that Man reacts to a situation by ruling of outlook rather than stimuli, and that Man has more priorities than self-fulfillment; such as religious obligation, parental duties, and cooperative behavior amongst his own kind through social contract. Though these positive characteristics that separate us from our other earthly inhabitants seem superior, these same characteristics may lead us to our own destruction, as well as that of our own planet. Author Mary Shelley discusses the issue of Mans nature through her greatly renowned novel Frankenstein, in which a knowledge crazed scientist is determined to put himself on the scientific map by creating a human-like creature of enormo us strength but with a less than human state of mind. Another author who approaches this idealistic matter is John Locke, who makes clear of this issue in his Political Writings, particularly in Chapter Two: Of the State of Nature. Through the examination of these well-respected minds as well as my personal experience, it is made clear that certain unique characteristics separate Man from animal. As one observes a pet, it is obvious that there are tremendous differences between the observer and the animal. My seven-year-old obese beagle, Muggsy, has no value of right and wrong. He holds no respect towards those who supply him with the necessities of living or the requirements of comfort. For example, Muggsy tends to steal objects around the house and refuses to giveback the item. He...

Using the Spanish Verb Haber

Using the Spanish Verb Haber Haber is one of the most common verbs in Spanish, used most of the time as an auxiliary or helping verb. Although haber is similar in form to have and is often translated that way, it is unrelated to the English verb. Haber has three main uses as seen below. Haber as an Auxiliary Verb in Compound Tenses When used as an auxiliary verb, haber is the equivalent of the English auxiliary to have (which is much different than the English to have when it means to possess). Haber is used to form what is known as the perfect tenses because they refer to actions that have been or will be completed. (Completed used to be a common meaning of perfect.) As in English, the perfect tenses are formed by following a form of haber with a past participle. He comprado un coche. (I have bought a car.) ¿Has estudiado? (Have you studied?)Han salido. (They have left.)Habr salido. (She will have left.)Habrà ­a hablado. (I would have spoken.) In English, it is very common to insert an adverb or another word between the two parts of a compound verb, such as in the sentence he has always gone. But in Spanish (except perhaps in poetry), the two verb parts arent separated. As a beginner, you dont need to learn all the tenses using haber now, but you should be able to recognize haber when it is used. You should also be aware that while the perfect tenses in Spanish and English are quite similar in form, they arent always used in exactly the same way. Haber for There Is or There Are One peculiarity of haber is that it has a unique conjugated form, hay (pronounced basically the same as the English eye) that means there is or there are. Hay una silla en la cocina. (There is one chair in the kitchen.)Hay dos sillas en la cocina. (There are two chairs in the kitchen.) Note that in the above examples, the English there isnt referring to location, but to mere existence. The most common word for there in terms of location is allà ­. Example: Hay una silla allà ­. There is a chair there. Haber can be used in this way in tenses other than the present, although not as commonly. In formal Spanish, as in the second example above, the singular form of the verb is used even when it refers to more than one person or thing. Haber  in Idioms Haber can be used in a number of idioms, which are phrases that have a meaning apart from the meanings of the words in them. The one youll run into most often as a beginner is haber que, which means to be necessary when followed by an infinitive. When used this way in the present tense, the hay form of haber is used. Hay que saltar. (It is necessary to jump.)Hay que conocerlo para comprenderlo. (It is necessary to know him in order to understand him.)Habr que salir a las dos. (It will be necessary to leave at 2 oclock.) Conjugating Haber As is the case with most other common verbs, haber is conjugated irregularly. Here is the conjugation for its present indicative tense, the one used most often. yo (I) he I have tà º (informal singular you) has you have usted (formal singular you), à ©l (he), ella (she) ha (sometimes hay) you have, he has, she has nosotros, nosotras (we) hemos we have vosotros, vosotras (informal plural you) habà ©is you have ustedes (formal plural you), ellos, ellas (they) han (sometimes hay) you have, they have

NUTRITION RELATED DISEASE Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

NUTRITION RELATED DISEASE - Assignment Example If proper precautions are not taken during processing then there are chances that they may contaminated. Keeping food in open for over 2 hours at room temperature may cause bacterial growth in food and consuming such food may cause illness (Medicine Plus, 2014). Certain kinds of illnesses cause due to lack of nutrients in food. For example, vitamin D deficiency causes cardiovascular disease, asthma, cancer, or rickets. Iron deficiency many lead to anemia in the body. Lack of vitamin C affects immune system and lead to decreased metabolism. Vitamin A is necessary for maintaining good vision and prevents several eye related ailments. Vitamin D is essential for keeping bones and teeth strong preventing its decay (MedicineNet.com, 2014). Safe food is extremely critical to keep body free of diseases. Food gets contaminated through several means that include improper storage, inadequate cooking temperatures, cross-contamination from animal waste, improper or insufficient hand washing. Microbes get transferred from utensils, common knife and cutleries when not washed properly in between uses. Meat and poultry gets contaminated during slaughter; even fruits and vegetables get contaminated by infected water during wash. Insufficient cooking may not eliminate pathogens completely if already present (Minnesota Department of Health, 2013). Water, soil, plants are the sources of this pathogen. They are also present in intestinal tracts of fish and animals. They do not require oxygen to survive. Canned foods including vacuum-packaged may contain these bacteria. Incubation time for this pathogen has been found between 12 and 72 hours. Usual symptoms are diarrhea, vomiting, muscle weakness, blurred vision and difficulty in swallowing. Presence of these pathogens in food may cause diarrhea and abdominal cramps. Usually, poultry, meats, dried and precooked foods are the sources. Incubation time is

Advantages and Disadvantages of Sole Proprietorship Essay

Advantages and Disadvantages of Sole Proprietorship - Essay Example Assignment It is worthwhile to mention that Katy has a relatively better idea to initiate her personal furniture business as she could invest a considerable amount of 250,000 pounds. Indeed, commencing one’s own business is more feasible than investing this money in financial markets by purchasing bonds, stocks, saving certificates etc. Indeed, the reason behind this is the fact that today’s corporate world is highly unstable that in turn affects the financial markets. Secondly, low interest rates has also reduced the yield on financial products, hence income generated in above mentioned products may not be up to one’s expectations. As far as furniture business is concerned, it should be highlighted that people tend to purchase furniture (including dining tables, bedroom sets, cupboards, chairs, book shelves etc) for their households; therefore, the demand for furniture products is relatively inelastic and will exist because it is a human need. However, the purchasing power of a customer could affect the demand of designed and branded furniture products. In more simple words, Katy who is adept in designing and marketing should opt to commence her own business in the light of following costs and benefits analysis of each available business option including Sole Proprietorship, Partnership, Limited liability partnership and Company formation. Katy could definitely make a rational business decision after reviewing the mentioned recommendations.

Review article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 17

Review - Article Example regulated at the transcriptional level but also in the post-transcriptional level, post-translational mechanisms, chromatin remodeling, clock proteins availability, and intracellular localizations (Cermakian & Sassone-Corsi, 61). The work aims to describe and illustrate in detail the general concepts that built the foundation of animal circadian clocks. It has been conceptualized by previous studies that several clock functions and characteristics have been conserved during evolution at transcriptional level but some detailed functions of the loop may somewhat differ from organism to organism. For instance, the feedback loop functions differ among the Drosophila fly, mammals, fungi and bacteria. Thus, these differences among organisms have led the authors of the article to study other levels of regulation of circadian clocks among organisms. Cermakian & Sassone-Corsi found out that contrary to the only role of the input gene products to oscillation, there are some important input and output genes to achieve effective pacemaker function. The work of the researchers also revealed that despite the similarities of the fly and mammalian circadian systems, there are also differences in the negative limb of the loop (Cermakian & Sassone-Corsi, 60). In addition, the work of the researchers also found out existence of inter-genic and intragenic loops and that rhythms are not only generated at transcriptional level but to multiple

The Historical Portrayal in Forrest Gump

The Historical Portrayal in Forrest Gump Forrest Gump is a famous 1994 American comedy-drama film based on the novel written by Winston Groom; directed by Robert Zemeckis. The story depicts the life of a simple Alabama man Forest Gump who travels around the world, meets historical figures and influences and participates in important historical events of the second half of the 20th century. The film Forrest Gump is about a simple mans journey through complicated times. Exciting, deep and kind film narrates from the behalf of the protagonist Forrest Gump (Tom Hanks), a harmless imbecile man (his level of IQ is 75) with a noble and an open heart, the story of his extraordinary life. The plot begins with the childhood of the hero and ends up as he sends his own son to school. During the life, Forrest overcomes many difficulties, and always sees only positive side of events. During the film he takes part in major events of American history of the second half of 20th century, and unconsciously influences on popular culture of the United States. From an ordinary man he turns into a well-known tennis player, war hero, a successful businessman. He becomes a billionaire, but remains as unsophisticated, weak-minded and kind. Forrest reaches success in everything, and he loves the girl, who was his friend in childhood, but reciprocity comes too late. The main character, a native of the southern state (and as it is understood a patriarchal and conservative) of Alabama, actually travels across America in the 50s and 80s, turning out one way or another, becomes a witness of historic events in the life of the nation, almost climbing into the frames of newsreels that depict well-known political figures from the era of John F. Kennedy to Ronald Reagan and popular singers from Elvis Presley to John Lennon. The film Forrest Gump is not historical film, its more drama and melodrama, but it shows the close connection of Forrest with real historical characters and his participation in historical events. The film shows all the significant events of the period between the 1950s and the 1980s and introduces them to the main character. The film does not distort the real events, but contributes to the public understanding of the issues it presents. This feature film helps viewers learn more about the historical events of the second half of the 20th century, so it is difficult to overestimate its value. Forrest Gump is a look at the past approximately thirty years of U.S. history. The fact that the problems of America 1960 1980, including, for example, drug abuse and the war in Vietnam, are shown through the eyes of simple-minded Forrest, exculpates American society for this it is said by the magazine columnist of Time, Richard Corliss, Julie Grace and Marta Smildzhis in their joint review of the film (Corliss 1994). Nevertheless, Forrest stands out as a character in a highly sentimental Hollywood cinema, where the most important historical and social problems are often presented as elements of fairy tales with a happy end (Corliss 1994). According to Peter Travers from Rolling Stone, in the image of Forrest there are gathered the best national character features of Americans honesty, courage and fidelity (Travers 2000). The Russian critic Andrei Shemyakin considers film to be a parable about the American national character on the fracture of his fate (Gordinier 1995), and Rita Kempley from Washington Post believes that in Forrest Gump there is shown a destruction of the national character (Kempley 1994). It is easy to notice that Forrests life is very conservative, while his girlfriend Jenny embodies the counterculture she is involved in anti-war marches, uses drugs, and is sexually promiscuous. Jenny is a shadow of Forrest (Guthmann 1995). According to Roger Ebert, her reunion with Forrest Gump at the end of the film represents the dream of American society uniting (Ebert 1994). At the same time Gumps coproducer Steven Tisch mentioned: I dont think the film was a catalyst for a trend of any kind. I dont think this film is about conservative or liberal values, or even American values. The film is about human values (Gordinier 1995). Forrest Gump is a wonderful person, honest and brave, but with one peculiarity he is moronic. And the combination of an outstanding personality with a limited imagination allows him to enjoy life, not to justify himself. This opened an enormous sense for many of his followers. Being completely devoid of egoism, Forrest receives of a lot of luck in return from the life. His girlfriend Jenny, by contrast, lives in constant issueless search. The main stereotype that was changed in the film is that it is possible to live the whole life full of difficulties, reach success and remain open and kind. Forrest Gump simply goes his own way. He saves his fellow soldiers, and becomes a hero of Vietnam; he is the best player and national champion in a game of table tennis in Japan. He changes the lives of several people and creates a multi-million dollar business; he keeps his word given to the deceased friend. He even teaches Elvis Presley to dance. And thus, he remains a simple and open person. His phrase: My momma always said, Life was like a box of chocolates. You never know what youre gonna get became very famous (Forest Gump 1994). The film addresses different social issues of American life. It mostly represents the middle class and life of ordinary people; it depicts the race problems, showing how black people fought for their rights. It also touches gender issues, showing that Jenny lived in the hostel for girls and Forest couldnt visit her. Politics is also one of the topics that were briefly covered in the film while showing real episodes of lives of such people as John F. Kennedy, Lyndon Baines Johnson and Richard Milhous Nixon. There are shown such popular singers as Elvis Presley and John Lennon. The issues of nationality, cultural norms, people on the margins of society and other are also mentioned in the film. Forrest Gump is considered to be one of the kindest and touching films of world cinema, even though it is drama. The director Robert Zemeckis demonstrated in this film the entirely new approach to presenting the material, driving the narrative on behalf of a mentally retarded man, and showing life through his eyes. Surprisingly, but life through the eyes of Forrest Gump is not terrible and hopeless, as we used to think it is. The life of Forrest Gump suddenly becomes very simple, understandable, but at the same time, deep in meaning and rich with interesting events. It is the simplicity of Forrest Gumps vital principles and his immediate perception of complex life events that causes the effect of stunning ease the perception of this film. The film is not historical, but it shows the connection of the protagonist with real historical characters and his participation in historical events. The film contributes to the public understanding of the issues it presents, and makes a great impa ct on its intended audience. Film realistically, without distorting shows the problems of America 1960 1980, and therefore it is very valuable and is still considered one of the best films of American cinema.

April Morning :: essays research papers

April Morning is a story about a boy’s extremely rapid transformation from boyhood to manhood. There are a few significant events that can sum up the whole of his metamorphosis. These include the death of Adam’s father, Adam’s time with Solomon Chandler, and his experience during the battle against the Recoat soldiers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When a boy’s father dies, the impact of this can be very traumatic. When a death happens, a very large piece of one’s life dies with it. Adam Cooper’s father is a very important character in this novel. The presence of Adam’s father, Moses, shows how Adam is still a boy under the thumb of an adult, yet, when Moses is killed on the common, his absence propels Adam into a new phase of his life. At Moses Cooper’s death, the men of the village are lined up in formation on the common. Not one man in that group expected to fight the British. However, the British opened fire upon the column of villagers. The first to perish is Moses Cooper. Adam sees this, but he does not have time to mourn just yet. Adam runs from the common, away from the Redcoats, and to the first refuge he can find. The first shelter he finds is the smokehouse. It is at this point after the massacre on the common that Adam finally has time to think about what happen s. The reality finally sets in, and Adam lets out his emotions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Solomon Chandler is also a very influential character in Adam’s development after his ordeal at the common. Solomon’s calm attitude and words of wisdom helped Adam cope with the pain from his father’s death. Solomon tells Adam to let out his emotions because that is normal. He also explains to Adam why he should have a deep sense of respect for his fears, which are the Redcoat soldiers, and the only way to overcome them is to face them. During the whole period of time when Adam and Solomon are walking through the countryside, Solomon acts as a shoulder for Adam to cry on. Solomon is also a temporary â€Å"replacement† for Adam’s father in that he acts as a father figure towards Adam.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The large retaliation attack mounted by the colonists ended the immediate English threat in the region. Adam does not play a major role in the outcome of the battle, however the battle plays a major role in Adam’s development.

Teacher Interview Report

Actually, this is my second time to do teacher interview. Last time, I went to Shi Pai Junior High School to interview a teacher and asked something about the class management. From the interview, I’ve learned a lot from the teacher and her belief of teaching Chinese. Though to certain degree, this time the report is quite similar to the last report that I’ve done. However, this time, by the demand of teacher Alice and the class objective, my target interviewee must be an â€Å"English† teacher. At first, I was very nervous about how to find an English teacher in junior or senior high school because I’ve got in touch with all my English teachers for several years. it may be very embarrassing to go back and the teacher doesn’t recognize that I used to be her student) Fortunately, one of my best friends in my night school class, knowing my worriment, introduced me an English teacher in Shilin High School of Commerce whom she loves and admires very much. Here, I want to say thanks to my dear friend. Without her, I really cannot finish writing this assignment. Below, there are some basic info of the teacher and the questions that I’ve prepared for the teacher interview,

Describe Key Aspects of Public Health Strategies

P1-Describe key aspects of public health strategies There are many different strategies developed by the governments to monitor and care for the health of its people. These strategies help the public to live a healthy lifestyle and lead towards the betterment of their health. Controlling communicable diseases The Communicable Diseases Branch develops policy to help with the surveillance, prevention, and control of communicable diseases. As well as advising the Government about individual diseases and immunisation.The branch also works to ensure the safety of donated blood supplies, to prepare disease outbreak plans, and to monitor disease levels elsewhere in the world. The prevention of infection includes, standards precautions such as; Hand Hygiene, Use of personal protective equipment (PPE): gloves, aprons, eye protection, face masks etc. Handle and dispose of sharps safely, Dispose of contaminated waste safely, managing blood and body fluids: spillages etc, and Place patients with infections in appropriate accommodation.These are some prevention methods which could be used to control infections from spreading. Controlling communicable diseases is important to public based individuals in improving their health by keeping them away from spreading germs and illnesses. Also, the government and the local authorities as it is their job to ensure that the public is protected from such infectious diseases which are becoming a major of the illnesses. Promoting the health of the populationHealth- promoting activities to reduce ill health in the population. Health promotion is a process directed towards enabling people to take action. Thus, health promotion is not something that is done on or to people; it is done by, with and for people either as individuals or as groups. The purpose of this activity is to strengthen the skills and capabilities of individuals to take action and the capacity of groups or communities to act together to control over the matters of health so positive changes could be achieved.It is an essential strategy which addresses the major health challenges faced by developing and developed nations, including communicable and non-communicable diseases and issues related to human development and health. This is important to the service users and the authorities as it helps in the betterment of their health through the promotion of various activities and guidelines for the public. It is essential to the government as they carry the responsibility to care for the public and protect them from any diseases or illnesses.As well as this is important to the authorities due to its being their responsibility to promote health and fulfil their responsibilities towards the public. Developed programmes to reduce risk and promote screening Developed programme to reduce risk and promote screening is a beneficial strategy used for the protection of the public so illnesses could be prevented from an early stage. So the risks of a developing di sease are controlled beforehand. There are different screening programs for cancer such as, the NHS breast screening programme, the NHS cervical screening programme and the NHS bowel screening programme.However, screening cannot always prevent cancer but help in trying to reduce it by slowing it down. These screening programs are essential to the government and the authorities as it is their job to ensure that the public is protected from any major illnesses that increase the mortality and the morbidity rate. It has importance to the public as it assist them in having a better health and being able to protect themselves from death causing illnesses through using these screening programs.

The Traps of the If-Then-Else Statement in Delphi Code

The Traps of the If-Then-Else Statement in Delphi Code In Delphi, the if statement is used to test for a condition and then execute sections of code based on whether that condition is True or False. A general if-then-else statement looks like this: if condition then true block else false block; Both the true block and the false block can either be a simple statement or a structured statement (surrounded with a begin-end pair). Example of a Nested If-Then-Else Statement Lets consider one example using nested if statements: j : 50; if j 0 then   Ã‚  if j 100 then Caption : Number is 100!else   Ã‚  Caption : Number is NEGATIVE!;v What will be the value of Cation? Answer: Number is NEGATIVE! Did not expect that? Note that the compiler does not take your formatting into account, you could have written the above as: j : 50; if j 0 thenif j 100 then Caption : Number is 100!else Caption : Number is NEGATIVE!;v or even as (all in one line): j : 50; if j 0 then if j 100 then Caption : Number is 100!else Caption : Number is NEGATIVE!;v The ; marks the end of a statement. The compiler will read the above statement as: j : 50; if j 0 then   Ã‚  if j 100 then   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Caption : Number is 100!   Ã‚  else   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Caption : Number is NEGATIVE!; or to be more precise: j : 50; if j 0 thenbegin   Ã‚  if j 100 then   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Caption : Number is 100!   Ã‚  else   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Caption : Number is NEGATIVE!; end; Our ELSE statement will be interpreted as a part of the inner IF statement. The inner statement is a closed statement and doesnt need a BEGIN..ELSE. How to Fix To make sure you know how your nested if statements are treated by the compiler, and to fix the above problem, you can write the initial version as: j : 50; if j 0 then   Ã‚  if j 100 then Caption : Number is 100! elseelse   Ã‚  Caption : Number is NEGATIVE!; Uh! The ugly else ends the nested if line!? Does compile, does work! The best solution is: always use begin-end pairs with nested if statements: j : 50; if j 0 thenbegin   Ã‚  if j 100 then Caption : Number is 100!;endelsebegin   Ã‚  Caption : Number is NEGATIVE!; end Too much begin-end pairs for you? Better safe than sorry. Anyway, Code Templates are designed to add commonly used skeleton structures to your source code and then fill in. Article submitted by Marcus Junglas

Human Resource Management Approaches The WritePass Journal

Human Resource Management Approaches Introduction Human Resource Management Approaches ) argue that for employee recognition to have an impact in the progress of an organization, it needs to encourage employees to increase their efforts towards attaining organizational goals. According to Karen Forester, the TGI Friday’s managing director in the UK; employee recognition has been part of the company’s culture since it started in 1965 (TGI Friday’s, 2014). One way in which the company recognizes its employees is through the use of achievement badges, which are given to employees as a form of appreciation for their achievements or extraordinary contributions they make towards the company. The company also has a program where employees are nominated by colleagues based on their performance, and are later gifted through different treats. For instance, in January 2013, TGI Friday’s UK flew 400 employees to a party that was held in Florida (The Sunday Times a, 2013). Whereas such employee recognition efforts may be costly and could cut down on the company’s profitability, the organization believes that it is a â€Å"huge deposit in the emotional bank account†. Creation of a Conducive working Environment The organizational environment also has a role to play in the productivity of employees. There are several approaches that have been suggested by researchers on the approaches that can be used to create an organizational environment that enhances employee productivity (Armstrong, 2008). One of these is creation of an open and transparent form of communication across the organization. By so doing, all employees will have a feeling that their opinions are valuable to the organization. This also instils a sense of belonging in the employees (Aula Siira, 2010). Another approach that can be used in creation of an effective work environment for employees is ensuring that there is a work-life balance for employees (Bratton Gold, 2012; Miner, 2005). To attain work-life balance, employees ought to be given the chance to fulfil other goals and responsibility in life apart from their work. These include responsibilities to their families and the community, spiritual needs and personal growth, among others (Clutterbuck, 2003). Other approaches include encouraging a team spirit in the organization, provision of a job security assurance and offering training to improve employee competence (Orlitzky Frenkel, 2005). As opposed to typical fast-paced food restaurants, TGI Friday’s employees have the assurance that their jobs are secure. With reference to a research carried out by the Sunday Times, 86% of the company’s employees felt that they had secure jobs. With regard to instilling a sense of belonging in its customers, the company has a tradition for treating each of its 4000 staff members in the UK as family (The Sunday Times a, 2013). According to Karen foster, the company’s UK managing director, â€Å"We never call them staff or employees, we call them family and we treat them like family† (Martin, 2013). This also creates a sense of teamwork, which is also a factor that improves employee productivity. Scientific Management Approach Evaluation of employee performance The scientific approach to human resource management emphasizes on increasing efficiency in employee productivity. One of the ways in which this can be done in an organization is through the evaluation of the performance of employees in periodic intervals (Taylor, 2013). Employees that are not competent enough ought to be trained or given a certain time to improve. If they fail to improve in performance, they are dismissed and replaced by more competent recruits (Bloisi, 2007). This also takes place at TGI Friday’s. There was a period in time when the company needed to redefine its culture and redefine itself. To do this, some brutal approaches were undertaken to ensure that only the right staff members were left in the company. This involved carrying out an assessment of each member of the company and classifying them according to their contributions. As argued by the company’s UK managing director, â€Å"Everyone in the organisation was assessed and classified as â⠂¬Ëœplayers’, ‘wannabe players’ (who needed more training), ‘potential players’ (who could go either way) and ‘assassins’ (who had the ability to sabotage the transformation project)† (Martin, 2013). The group of employees that was referred to as the assassins was dismissed from the company, a step that resulted in the improvement of the company’s performance. This is an ideal approach of increasing the efficiency of the company, which is quite synonymous to the scientific management approach. Monetary Motivation To motivate employees, TGI Friday’s also uses the monetary approach. Employees at the company receive annual pay reviews. In 2013, members of the company’s kitchen staff were offered a 9.5% pay rise as a gesture to appreciate their contributions to the company (The Sunday Times a, 2013). Even though the monetary incentives are used to motivate the company employees, they are used alongside other forms of incentives. The reason for this is that when monetary incentives are used exclusively by a company, it may limit the creativity and innovation of employees (Adeogun, 2009). Management at Christians against Poverty (CAP) Christians against Poverty (CAP) is a not-for profit organization operating the United Kingdom. It specialized in debt counselling, a charity work that that is based in different local churches across the UK (Christians Against Poverty, 2013). It offers solutions and hope for people who are in heavy debts by providing advice to the affected people on the ways in which they can generate income to enable settle the debts and relieve themselves from the associated stresses that could be even detrimental to their health. Apart from helping the company’s target populations to get out of poverty, CAP has also received recognition by the Sunday Times as being among the best not for profit companies to work for (The Sunday Times b, 2013). In a study that was carried out by Sunday Times on opinions of the company’s employees about how they felt about their leadership and whether they enjoy working at CAP, there was a 95% positive response that indicated that employees loved to w ork for the company. 97% of the employees indicated their pride in being employed by the company, while 99% of the employees believed that the company makes a positive contribution in society (The Sunday Times b, 2013). Just as was the result at TGI Friday’s, this response from the company employees indicates that the approaches used in the human resource management of the company is appropriate. The main difference that exists between TGI Friday’s and CAP is that whereas TGI Friday’s incorporates monetary incentives in employee motivation, there is no evidence that indicates that CAP uses the same. The Human Relations Approach Communication at CAP In any organization, effective communication is one of the factors that contribute towards an improvement in employee performance. Communication often depends on the structure of the organization. Hierarchical organizational structures are characterized by vertical communication channels, where employees pass information to managers through their immediate bosses (Adeogun, 2009). On the other hand, adhocratic organizations are characterized by horizontal communication channels, where employees are free to address top managers in case they need to pass across a certain message (Ulrich et al., 2008). The structure at CAP is adhocratic, based on the fact that senior managers and employees interact to share information that id positive for the organization’s progress. Not only does this reduce the channels through which information it passed, but also motivates employees by providing them with a sense of belonging (Armstrong, 2008). They are also motivated to contribute more towar ds the organization because they know that their opinions and ideas matter. Effective communication at CAP was demonstrated in 2012 where there was a restructure of client service teams in the organization. When staff members that had been adversely affected by the reshuffle voiced their concerns, the original restructuring plans were changed (The Sunday Times b, 2013). In another demonstration of effective communication at CAP, there was a Dragon’s Den-style event, where teams were established to propose improvements on the company’s operations. All the proposals were presented, and a vote was made to select those that had to be implemented immediately. Afterwards, the managers pledged that they will ensure that the suggested proposals will be implemented (The Sunday Times b, 2013). This clearly indicates that the company involves its employees in decision making. Catering for Employees’ Wellbeing Ensuring that the well being of employees is catered for is another approach that CAP uses to motivate its human resource force (Meyer Allen, 2007). According to the research that was carried out by the Sunday Times, the company has an 88% score on how effectively it addresses the wellbeing of its employees. One of the ways in which the company addresses the wellbeing of its employees is through setting aside a full day every year, referred to as the wellbeing day. On this day, employees are informed on how to maintain a healthy lifestyle, encouraged to use the staff gym. Several group exercises are also carried out (Christians Against Poverty, 2013). Another approach that is used to address the wellbeing of employees is through organizing motivational talks to empower them. Matt Barlow, the chief executive director of CAP, gives regular motivational speeches to the company’s staff members, which mainly aim at inspiring them to attain their potential in life while at the same time ensuring that they adhere to their moral principles (The Sunday Times b, 2013). This has increased the faith that employees have in him and the company. When employees are aware that the company is concerned about their well being, there is an increased likelihood for them to be more committed to the organization (Orlitzky Frenkel, 2005). Incentives As opposed to TGI Friday’s where employees are provided with monetary incentives in form of bonuses and salary increments, the incentives that employees at CAP get are usually in form of free drinks and fruits, a cycle to work program and being provided with free sports facilities (The Sunday Times b, 2013). There is also a program where employees are nominated by managers for awards, depending on their performance. When employees make contributions that are beyond what is expected of them, they are recognized and awarded. Far from financial rewards that are given in most companies, the rewards that are given at CAP include meals, cinema tickets or chocolates. The annual salary of a caseworker in the company is at  £21,164, of which employees believe is a reasonable pay for their efforts (Christians Against Poverty, 2013). Being a not for profit organization, this explains the fact that there are no incentives in form of financial reward. Relevance of the Human Relations and Scientific management in the 21st Century To establish how relevant these approaches of human resource management are in the present-day organizational environment, it is vital to have an understanding of the principles that govern them. The scientific management approach has four core principles (Taylor, 2013). The first is referred to as the replace rule of thumb work approaches. These approaches have to be arrived at by carrying out a scientific study. The second principle is that every employee in the organization ought to be scientifically selected, trained and developed, as opposed to letting them train themselves with work experience. The third principle is that managers ought to cooperate with employees so as to ensure that they are strictly adhering to the operational methods that have been scientifically developed. The fourth principle is that work ought to be equally divided between workers and managers to allow managers to apply the principles of scientific management to plan duties for workers (Taylor, 2013). Cr itics of this approach of management argue that it increases work monotony and reduces avenues through which employees could provide feedback to their managers (Ulrich et al., 2008). However, there is still relevance of this approach in present-day human resource management. One of the principles that are still applicable is that employees ought to be scientifically selected, trained and developed by organizations (Taylor, 2013). Even present-day organizations have certain criteria that they use in selection and recruitment of their employees, and also emphasize on training them so as to make them more capable in executing their responsibilities (Bratton Gold, 2012). The human relations approach to management is based on three underlying principles (Thompson, 2011). The first principle is decentralization, where hierarchy that is often employed in classical management is replaced with providing employees with greater autonomy. The second is participatory decision making, where employees ought to be involved in the decision-making process of the organization. The third principle is that managers need to develop employees that are self-motivated (Thompson, 2011). This management approach is supportive of an organizational structure that is adhocratic (horizontal), and against the hierarchical organizational structure. Given that present-day organizations are becoming less hierarchical and more horizontal, it can be thus stated that the human relations approach to management is quite relevant in the 21st century (Ulrich et al., 2008). In regard to whether not-for-profit organizations and organizations that aim to maximize their profits need to apply different management approaches, this is quite debatable. Whilst the objectives of these organizations might differ, it is vital for both to ensure that their employees are motivated and efficient. The main aspect that may differentiate not for profit organizations with the profitable ones is that while employees in not for profit organizations may not prioritize monetary incentives, those in profitable companies expect such incentives to be incorporated in their motivation strategies. Conclusion As aforementioned in this study, human resources are the most important assets owned by any organization. Therefore, human resource managers ought to use people management strategies that motivate employees to increase their contribution towards attaining organizational goals. Two main approaches to people management have been addressed here. These are the scientific management approach and the human relations approach. Explanation of these approaches has been done by comparing management approaches in two organizations ranked among the top 100 companies to work for in the UK. One of the companies, TGI Friday’s, is a profit oriented company, while other, CAP is a not for profit organization. Similarities and differences that exist in the human resource management approaches of these companies have been highlighted in this report. In establishing the relevance of scientific management and the human relations approach of management, future research should carry out a more in-dep th analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of both in the present-day organizational environment. References Adeogun, J., 2009. Monetary Motivation, Performance and Job Satisfaction. New York: ILEAD Academy. Armstrong, M., 2008. Strategic Human Resource Management: A Guide to Action. London: Kogan Page. Aula, P. Siira, K., 2010. Organizational Communication and Conflict Management Systems: A Social Complexity Approach. Nordicom Review, 31, pp.125-41. Bloisi, W., 2007. An Introduction to Human Resource Management. Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill Education. Bratton, J. Gold, J., 2012. Human Resource Management: Theory and Practice (5th edition). London: Palgrave. Christians Against Poverty, 2013. About Us. [Online] Available at: https://www.capuk.org/ [Accessed 20 February 2014]. Clutterbuck, D., 2003. Managing work-life balance: a guide for HR in achieving organizational and individual change. London: Chartered Institute Of Personal Development. Marchington, M. Wilkinson, A., 2005. Human Resource Management at Work: People Management and Development. London: CIPD. Martin, P., 2013. TGI Fridays MD: my people management secrets. [Online] Available at: hrmagazine.co.uk/hr/features/1078162/tgi-fridays-md-people-management-secrets [Accessed 20 February 2014]. Meyer, J.P. Allen, N.J., 2007. A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment: Some methodological considerations. Human Resource Management Review, 1, pp.61-98. Miner, J.B., 2005. Organizational Behavior: Essential theories of motivation and leadership. New York: M.E. Sharpe. Orlitzky, M. Frenkel, S., 2005. Alternative pathways to high-performance workplaces. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 16(8), pp.1325-48. Taylor, F.W., 2013. Scientific management. New York: Routledge. TGI Friday’s, 2014. About Us. [Online] Available at: tgifridays.co.uk/ [Accessed 20 February 2014]. The Sunday Times a, 2013. The Sunday Times 100 Best Companies. [Online] Available at: http://features.thesundaytimes.co.uk/public/best100companies/live/template [Accessed 20 February 2014]. The Sunday Times b, 2013. 100 best Not for Profit Companies. [Online] Available at: http://features.thesundaytimes.co.uk/public/best100companies/live/template [Accessed 20 February 2014]. Thompson, J.D., 2011. Organizations in action: Social science bases of administrative theory. California: Transaction Publishers. Ulrich, D., Younger, J. Brockbank, W., 2008. The twenty-first-century HR organization. Human Resource Management, 47, pp.829-50. Wright, B.E., Moynihan, D.P. Pandey, S.K., 2012. Pulling the Levers: Transformational Leadership, Public Service, Motivation, and Mission Valence. Public Administration Review, 72(2), p.206–215.